The Fall of Swalwell

Last month, Eric Swalwell was a leading Democrat contender for Governor of California and a sitting member of the House of Representatives.  Today, he is no longer in the race for governor, has resigned the House, and is under investigation for sexual assault.  In the wake of this tremendous fall, many members of the media have reported that his crude behavior with women was known.  One mentioned on Twitter/X how suspicions went back to his days on the city council of Dublin, CA (2010-2013).  Like Cesar Chavez, Swalwell had plenty of skeletons in the closet.  Of course, such is quite common among Democrats.  Bill Clinton had a checkered past when he ran for president in 1992 and it carried over into his presidency.  However, the party didn't need to get rid of him, so it mostly stayed in the closet or was brushed away as his private life.

One of the purported ways that the Deep State runs the country is that it has blackmail on key people.  Such claims go back to J. Edgar Hoover, who served nearly 37 years as the director of the FBI.  Democrat or Republican, every president stuck with Hoover.  Why might that be?  True, the 10-year term wasn't passed until after his death, but it took his death to have a term limit for the director.

Back to Swalwell, the California jungle primary allows the two top performers - regardless of party - to proceed to the November election.  Because there are so many Democrat contenders, it looks like the two Republicans - Chad Bianco & Steve Hilton - might get the two top spots.  Thus, it is imperative that the Democrat field be culled to prevent such a disaster.  Swalwell was an easy target.  If the polls don't improve for the remaining Democrats, who might be the next to suffer an unforeseen fall from grace?

Cesar Chavez

Cesar Chavez was a labor organizer for farm workers who morphed into a civil rights leader for Chicanos.  He died in 1993.  As a union leader and civil rights activist, he was held in high esteem among Democrats.  Unsurprisingly, over the last 33 years, many streets, parks, schools, and libraries have been named in his honor.  His birthday, March 31st, is a holiday in California, Denver (CO), and Texas.  Now, more than 30 years after his death, it has suddenly been revealed that he sexually abused young women and girls.  One of his prime allies during his life - Dolores Huerta - has stated that she was raped by him 60 years ago.

No sooner has this been announced than marches and holidays in his honor are canceled and talk runs to changing the names of streets, parks, schools, etc.  The speed at which he went from hero to monster is breathtaking.  It is as if everyone knew all along and, now that it is out in the open, honors must be stripped.  There is no one on the other side arguing on his behalf.  Well, he has been dead for 30 years.  Why now?  Dolores is 96 years old and never thought to say anything in the last 33 years?

One reason why Chavez's fall from grace is unopposed is because it is the left that is tearing him down.  He was never a hero to Republicans or the right.  The Democrats are tearing down one of their heroes and the Republicans will just shrug.  Again, why now?

Cesar Chavez was adamantly opposed to illegal immigration.  Illegal immigrants were a thorn in the side of his labor efforts.  Farms were only too eager to hire low-wage illegals rather than unionized Americans.  In those days, it was possible to be anti-immigration and a Democrat.  That combination is no longer valid.  Chavez held views that are antithetical to the modern Democratic Party and some on the right have brought up Chavez to argue against illegal immigration.  That is surely vexing.

Next year will be Cesar Chavez's 100th birthday.  Would it be a day to denounce illegal immigration?  Better to take that birthday off the calendar than risk having a famous Hispanic Democrat as a symbol for the opposition.  Yes, it was time to cancel Chavez.

USS Cyane: Workhorse of the Pacific Squadron

The USS Cyane was a 22-gun sloop-of-war with a complement of 200 crew that joined the US Navy in May 1838.  In 1845, the Cyane was dispatched to the Pacific Squadron.  At the time, this was a monumental voyage around South America.  It was not until January 1846 that she arrived at Mazatlan.  In February, Lt. Archibald Gillespie of the US Marines came aboard; he had secret messages to deliver to Commodore Sloat, US Consul Thomas O. Larkin, and John C. Fremont.  The Cyane departed Mazatlan and sailed to Monterey, California, by way of the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands.  Gillespie was left in Monterey in April.  By the end of the month, the Cyane was back in Mazatlan where it found an English rear admiral commanding a line-of-battle-ship and two additional ships of the British fleet.  Were the British keeping tabs on the Americans in this tense period between Mexico and the United States?

The Cyane again set out for Monterey in May and arrived in June.  On the 2nd of July, Commodore Sloat arrived on the flagship Savannah, a 54-gun frigate with a complement of 480 men.  Sloat had received word of the battles in Texas but dallied.  Finally, on July 7th, he ordered the capture of Monterey, the capital of Alta California.  Captain Mervine of the Cyane led the landing party that raised the US Flag over California.  The Pacific Squadron was officially in the war.

On July 14th, the USS Congress arrived in Monterey with Commodore Robert 'Fighting Bob' Stockton.  He replaced Commodore Sloat in command of the Pacific Squadron.  The following day, the HMS Collingwood, an 80-gun ship-of-the-line, arrived in Monterey.   Would the American capture of California have been so easy if the Collingwood had arrived a week earlier?

Captain Mervine was transferred to the Savannah and Captain Samuel Du Pont took command of the Cyane.  The Cyane also took aboard Lt. Col. John C. Fremont's California Battalion, providing transport to San Diego.  The Cyane captured a Mexican brig, the Juanita, before it could leave the harbor.  Fremont was let off at San Diego where that port was captured with similar efficiency as Monterey.  Alta California apparently settled, the Cyane set out for a cruise along the west coast of Mexico.

In August, she captured the Primavera.  In September, she blockaded the port of San Blas where she captured two additional ships: Solita and Susana.  Crossing to Baja California and the port of La Paz, the Cyane took control of 7 ships from the harbor, including the Baltimore-built Julia.  The Julia was quickly added to the Pacific Squadron.  Sailing further into the Gulf of California, she captured the Libertad and the Fortuna on the 1st of October.  The following day, she seized the Rosita.  Two days later, she captured the Chapita and the Alerto.  A raid on Guaymas destroyed three additional ships.

In November, the Cyane blockaded Mazatlan, but the ship ran out of supplies.  As the US had no Pacific ports, it depended on friendly ports or supply ships.  Sailing north once again, the Cyane found orders in San Francisco to join the squadron in retaking California; there had been a rebellion during the Cyane's absence.

In January 1847, she provided men for the recapture of Los Angeles, joining in the Battles of San Gabriel (Jan 8) and La Mesa (Jan 9).  Los Angeles was occupied the following day.  But the Cyane was not done with the war yet.

The Pacific Squadron had other duties than just the war and the Cyane went looking for pirates and protecting the US whaling fleet.  In November 1847, the Cyane joined the Congress and the Independence in the capture of Mazatlan.

The Cyane's final operation during the war was to relieve the siege at San Jose del Cabo (Baja California) in February 1848.  The Cyane remained in the region, relocating to Mazatlan.  On June 7th, while at the port of San Blas, the ship recieved word that the peace treaty was signed and the war was over.

No other ship in the US fleet on either coast saw so much action as the USS Cyane.  The ship remained active on the coasts of North and South America until she was decommissioned in 1871.

Archibald Gillespie, USMC

In Dream West, Marine Lieutenant Archibald Gillespie arrived at John C. Fremont's camp in Oregon to relay verbal orders from the president.  Moments later, he was killed in an Indian attack.  This is a rewrite of history.

Gillespie was born in New York in 1812 and joined the Marines in 1832.  In October 1845, President Polk provided him with secret messages for Commodore Sloat of the Pacific Squadron, US Consul Thomas O. Larkin (based in Monterrey, California), and John C. Fremont.  He sailed to Vera Cruz, arriving on December 10th.  His efforts to cross the country were hindered by the latest uprising.  However, he crossed the country and arrived in Mazatlán.  In late February, he was picked up by an American ship on the west coast of Mexico and made his way to Monterrey, California.  Having delivered his messages to both Sloat and Larkin, he then went in search of Fremont.

Fremont had been ejected from California by General Castro and was near Kamath Lake in Oregon, which is where Gillespie found him.  No sooner had Gillespie arrived with his secret message than Fremont marched back into California.  Little did they know, the war had begun with the Thornton Affair almost 2 weeks earlier.  The Bear Flag Revolt took place on June 14th and Commodore Robert "Fighting Bob" Stockton raised the US flag on July 18.  Los Angeles surrendered on August 13th, thus concluding the initial conquest of California.

Captain Gillespie was named military commandant of the southern district.  He had 48 men to hold Los Angeles.  This might have been fine if he had not imposed martial law.  The locals soon rose in rebellion.  The American forces were soon under siege at Fort Moore Hill.  By the end of September, Gillespie surrendered and marched to the coast, leaving Los Angeles to the Californios.  An initial effort to retake the city with the help of the US Navy failed.  The Navy transported Gillespie and his men to San Diego.

In early December, news arrived that General Kearny was nearby.  Stockton sent a detachment under Gillespie to escort him the rest of the way to San Diego.  Gillespie arrived with 40 men and a field gun.  After his long march, Kearny was itching for a fight.  He had traveled from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas to California without a shot fired.  So it was that the weary Dragoons charged to battle against fresh Californio lancers who knew the terrain much better and whose lances were not rendered useless by the rain.  The Californios recognized Gillespie from his tyrannical rule in Los Angeles and targeted him.  He was lanced in the chest, puncturing a lung.

Despite the disastrous battle, the column arrived in San Diego on December 12th.  Despite his injuries, Gillespie was well-enough to ride north the following month.  He was again wounded during the battle to retake Los Angeles.  On January 10, 1847, Gillespie was called upon to raise the US Flag, the very one he had hauled down in September.

Gillespie remained with the Marines until 1854.  He died in San Francisco in 1873.

Though most of this falls outside the story that Dream West tells, Gillespie should not have been killed off.  Though Fremont's party was attacked by Indians and also 'got even' with them soon after, Gillespie was not one of the fatalities.  Gillespie should have been yet another cameo, like Jim Bridger or Tom Fitzpatrick.

Stephen Watts Kearny

In Dream West (1986), Brigadier General Stephen Watts Kearny is cast as the villain.  In the first episode of the miniseries, an animus is established between Kearny and Fremont.  Fremont requested a cannon for his expedition, which Kearny reluctantly provided.  In conversation, Kearny asked what year Fremont graduated West Point.  Fremont did not attend West Point.  Kearny clearly looks down on him for this failing.  That is peculiar since Kearny was not a West Point graduate either.  In fact, though both had attended college, neither managed to complete their degrees.  In the second episode, Kearny and Fremont clash about who is in charge in California.  In the final episode, Kearny is a witness at Fremont's court martial, a court martial instigated by Kearny.  His final appearance in the series is to plead for forgiveness from Jessie Benton Fremont before he died from Yellow Fever.  Kearny deserved better.

Stephen Watts Kearny was born in 1794.  He dropped out of Columbia to join the Army when the War of 1812 began.  He was captured at the Battle of Queenstown.  His bravery at that battle earned him the rank of Captain.  After the war, Kearny stayed with the army and was posted on the frontier.

In 1819, he was part of the Yellowstone Expedition.  The expedition failed spectacularly, getting bogged down in Council Bluffs, Iowa.  The following year, he was part of another expedition, this one exploring and mapping the territory between Council Bluffs and Fort Snelling (Minneapolis, MN).

In 1825, Major Kearny was part of General Atkinson's Rocky Mountain Expedition.  Nearly 500 troops traveled from Fort Atkinson (Omaha, NE) up the Missouri River, replicating Lewis and Clark's travels.

The following year, he supervised the building of Jefferson Barracks in St. Louis, Missouri, where none other than William Clark lived.  Kearny courted and married William Clark's step-daughter, Mary Radford.

In 1833, Lt. Colonel Kearny was made second in command of the newly formed 1st Dragoon Regiment, based in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.  In 1836, he rose to Colonel and became the commander of the 1st Dragoons.

With all this western experience, it is unsurprising that Brigadier General Kearny was made commander of the Army of the West when the Mexican-American War was declared.  His westward march was surprisingly uneventful.  He captured Santa Fe, New Mexico without firing a shot.  He then set out for California, unaware that Commodore Stockton and Lt. Col. Fremont had already captured it.  He learned of those events when he met Kit Carson on the road.  Based on Carson's reports, Kearny sent two-thirds of his men back to Santa Fe and continued to California.  By the time he arrived, the state was in rebellion.

The Battle of San Pasqual

Having learned of a band of Californios in the area, Kearny decided to attack.  However, his men were poorly mounted; they had just suffered a trek across the southwestern deserts.  The rain made the gunpowder damp and surprise had been lost.  The Dragoons charged in a ragged line.  By contrast, the Californios had excellent horses and were armed with lances.  The Dragoons were no match and only the presence of a cannon saved them.

Kearny thus arrived in San Diego with a pitiful and beaten force.  Compared to Fremont's California Battalion and Stockton's sailors and marines, Kearny was all bark and no bite.  He conceded command to Stockton and joined in the retaking of Los Angeles.  When Stockton sailed away and Commodore Shubrick took over the Pacific fleet, Kearny made his move for command.  The Mormon Battalion and New York volunteers arrived to give him the biggest army in California.  He had been sent to take California and he outranked Fremont.  Fremont continued to balk and earned himself a court martial.

Fremont's court martial lasted 3 months, concluding in February 1848.  Afterwards, Kearny was sent to Mexico as military governor of Vera Cruz and then Mexico City.  He contracted Yellow Fever and was sent home.  He died in St. Louis in October, 1848.

Fremont put Kearny in an impossible situation.  Should he have just endured insubordination?  Certainly not.  In the best of times, Kearny was known to be difficult.  He was a harsh man who made few friends.  This is not the sort of soldier to forgive and forget.  On the other hand, Fremont was a national hero.  President Polk attempted to split the difference by nixing the punishment while affirming the verdict.

Gerrymander

Based on the 2024 election results, there are 21 blue states and 29 red states.  The blue states account for 206 seats in the House of Representatives.  The red states account for 229.  Of course, there are Republican Congressmen from blue states and Democratic Congressmen from red states.  How does that break down?

Now let's talk gerrymandering.  The idea is rather than let the voters pick their representative, the representative picks the voters.  This allows for safe seats or splitting strongholds of the other party into bite-size chunks that can be overwhelmed and digested by the ruling party.  Depending on how the districts are drawn, the dominant party can greatly weaken the opposition.  Let's look at some examples.

Illinois (blue) has 17 congressional districts.  In 2024, the state votes 43% for Trump and 54% for Harris.  How many Republican congressmen are there from Illinois?  Three.  That is 17% representation.

Texas (red) has 38 districts.  In 2024, the state went to Trump by 56% to 42% vote.  How many Democrat congressmen from Texas?  Thirteen.  That is 34%.

California (blue) has 52 districts and broke heavily for Harris: 58% to 38%.  Republicans hold 9 of the 52 seats, or 17%.

Many states are difficult to gerrymander.  Several only have 1 congressman (Alaska, Delaware, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming).  The smaller states - 4 congressional districts or less - are mostly unremarkable.  That eliminates 21 states from the list, leaving 14 blue states and 15 red states.  Here is the new breakdown:

First thing to note is that there were no Republicans in the smaller blue states, but there were 5 Democrats in the smaller red states.  Interesting.  In a red state, representation is 71% Republican vs. 29% Democrat.  In a blue state, it is 73% Democrat to 27% Republican.  Not a big difference.

Harris carried blue states by an average of 55% to 43%.  Trump carried red states by an average of 58% to 41%.  Trump performed better in blue states than Harris in red states and yet, the House was on a razor's edge.  

The blue states have done a far better job of gerrymandering than the red states.  If the Republicans adopt the same strategy, they will gain seats.  Having already gerrymandered the blue states, there is little the Democrats can do to counter it, other than complain.  That 34% representation in Texas might soon drop to the level of an Illinois or California.

In the near future, perhaps an unbiased AI can draw districts that don't create ludicrous zigzag patterns that weave through various counties and cities to generate a safe seat for the dominant party.  For the time being, a party would be foolish not to gerrymander.

Funding a Riot

The current riots in LA, which will soon spread nation-wide, are planned events.  Someone is funding them.  Pallets of bricks don't just happen to appear at the scene of a 'protest' where there isn't any construction.  Drivers don't arrive with supplies of high-end masks to protect from tear gas without someone footing the bill.  Both the governor and mayor are in league with the funders.  This 'protest' is designed to thwart the entirely lawful enforcement of immigration law.

During the Obama presidency, the state of Arizona was miffed that the government wasn't enforcing immigration law.  Arizona passed a law to allow it to enforce the border.  The Obama administration sued Arizona and won.  Border enforcement is a federal responsibility.  States don't get their own immigration laws.  California doesn't get to opt out of ICE enforcing the law.

The Mormon Battalion

In 1846, the United States went to war with Mexico.  President Polk brushed off his plans for how the war should go.  One of his plans was to dispatch General Stephen Watts Kearney to secure New Mexico and California.  While he was arranging this, he met Mr. Jesse Little.  Little was a Mormon who looked for governmental assistance for the Mormon migration to the Great Salt Lake.  This was timely.  Polk needed more Americans headed west just then and proposed that the Mormons raise a battalion to join the Army of the West under Kearney.  Little eagerly agreed and set out for Iowa, where the Mormons were currently encamped.  Soon thereafter, James Allen of the First Dragoons met with Brigham Young to discuss the details.  Five companies - approximately 500 men - were recruited and set out for Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

As with most volunteer units, the Mormons elected their officers from among them.  Of course, Colonel Allen remained as the overall commander.  He had several other US Army officers as part of his staff, notably Lt. AJ Smith and Lt. Stoneman.  Allen's death at Fort Leavenworth left command of the battalion in confusion.  Captain Jefferson Hunt of Company A was now the highest-ranking officer.  Lt. Smith noted that he was still only a volunteer with no real rank in the US military, which meant Smith was in command.  The various officers didn't much like that reasoning, but Smith got his way on account of being able to control government funds.  He was not a popular commander.

The battalion commenced its march on August 12, 1846.  They arrived in Santa Fe, New Mexico between October 9th and October 12.  The city had already been captured by Kearney and was currently governed by Colonel Doniphan of the First Missouri Mounted Volunteers.  News returned from General Kearney that Colonel Philip St. George Cooke would take command of the battalion as it blazed a wagon road to California.  Cooke found many of the recruits to be in poor condition and mustered them out of service.  The remaining troops began the grueling trek across the southwestern desert.

As the men had sent their clothing allowance back to Iowa to aid in the support of their families, the men only had the clothes in which they arrived.  After so long a march, their clothes - especially footwear - were in poor condition.  Soldiers fashioned makeshift shoes out of hides and otherwise unwearable clothing.  Thirst and hunger were constant companions and the labor was intense.  At times, the men had to help the mules drag wagons through deep sands and at other times they had to hew a path through a rocky canyon.

On the 27th of January, the Mormon Battalion spotted the Pacific Ocean near what is now Oceanside.  The battle for California was already won.  The Battalion found itself on garrison duty until the end of their enlistment.  The men had enlisted for 1 year.  When that year was up, the governor and General Kearney urged them to re-enlist.  The Mormons had been exemplary soldiers.  However, fewer than 100 chose to enlist for another year.  Most of the rest set out for Salt Lake City.  Many found themselves in what would soon be the gold fields of California.

BH Roberts was a prolific writer on Mormon topics.  He addressed the Mormon Battalion in this 1919 book.  It is a quick read that hits the highlights without going into much depth.  An excellent summary that provides a good overview of the Mormon Battalion and its service in the Mexican-American War.  Recommended.

Death Valley Days: Gold Rush in Reverse

Lt. Edward Beale (Stanley Lachman) of the US Navy is in California when gold is discovered.  Lt. Losier (Doug McClure) of the Army declares his intention to take a sample to Washington, DC, to let the country know of the find.  Beale is determined that the navy will have that honor.  As such, he buys a sample by selling a bottle of quinine from his medical kit.  However, Losier has already left and the ship on which he served doesn't have enough sailors to leave port; they deserted to join the gold hunters!  As such, he catches another ship and sails to the Mexican coast.  He rides from San Blas to Mexico City to Vera Cruz, fighting ladrones (bandits) for the entire 800-mile trip.  From Vera Cruz he sails aboard the USS Germantown.  Still concerned that Lt. Losier is on his tail, he only pauses for the night in Mobile, Alabama, before racing on toward Washington.  As luck would have it, Losier's ship had hit bad weather and he was delayed by months.  So it was that the US Navy delivered the news to Washington that gold had been discovered in the newly annexed California.

The story is more exciting than the history.  Indeed, Beale did cross Mexico, but the plentiful gunfights are fanciful addition.  Beale spoke Spanish and posed as a Mexican rancher during his incognito crossing.  However, this is a true story.  Entertaining and worth watching.

The Conquest of New Mexico and California

In 1878, Brigadier General Philip St. George Cooke penned The Conquest of New Mexico and California: An Historical and Personal Narrative.  It opens in July of 1846, when Cooke was a lieutenant in the 1st Dragoons.  Colonel Stephen Watts Kearny had been given command of the Army of the West and set out to conquer New Mexico and California.  Shortly after arriving in New Mexico, Kearny ordered Cooke to ride ahead and demand the surrender of Santa Fe.  After a refusal, he departed with the witty comment, "I'll call again in a week."  Indeed, when he came back with the rest of the army, Santa Fe fell without a shot fired.  The army spent the next month securing the territory before Kearny set out for California.  He had not gone far when word of the Mormon Battalion arrived.  Its original commander, Colonel James Allen, had died.  Kearny placed Cooke in charge of the battalion and ordered him to make a road to California.  And here follows a rather dreary accounting of a trek across the deserts of New Mexico and Arizona via the Gila River.  There are the occasional bits of excitement (battle with wild bulls, Charboneaux's encounter with bears, the capture of Tucson), but it is mostly a bland narrative of thirst and starvation.  Upon his arrival in California, Cooke abandons his personal chronicle and relates the reports of others.  Thus, he details Kearny's disastrous battle as San Pasqual, squabbles with Fremont and Stockton, and the successful campaign to recapture Los Angeles.  He also outlines some battles in the bay area.  The allocation of his battalion is only vaguely discussed.

Mostly disappointing.  Being a first-person account, I had expected a lot more.  Not surprisingly, his desert crossing sounds like a balance sheet; 6 mules died today, acquired 11 mules from local Indians, no water in 2 days, etc.  That was surely important information, but it makes for very dry reading.  Of note, he did detail Fremont's march south, which saw multiple encounters with Californios who managed to delay the California Battalions' arrival in Los Angeles.  I do not recall reading that before.  Of course, Kearny captured Los Angeles without Fremont but his coming from the north while Kearny was approaching from the south would surely have made defending the city more difficult.  Here was a rare success for the Californios.

Cooke resigned his position as the Lt. Colonel of the Mormon Battalion in May 1847 and, once again just a lieutenant, joined Kearny on the march back to Fort Leavenworth.

This is a book only for the diehard historian.  Skip.

Kearny's March

In 1846, both military forces and civilian wagon trains crossed the Missouri River and set out for the West.  Winston Groom, author of Forest Gump, details the various movements and shows how they formed the American West.

Stephen Watts Kearny was the commander on the western frontier, based in Fort Levenworth.  Father of the American Cavalry, he was ordered by President Polk to march his 300 dragoons, a regiment of mounted Missouri Volunteers, and a battalion of Mormons west and capture Santa Fe, New Mexico.  Once secured, he was to continue on to California and claim it for the United States.  Having captured New Mexico without firing a shot, most likely thanks to bribing the territorial governor, Kearny spent a month in the area to make sure all was well before moving on to California.  At this point, he dispatched the mounted Missouri Volunteers - commanded by Colonel Alexander Doniphan - to make his way south for the planned rendezvous with General Wool and his army at Chihuahua.  Kearny would take his dragoons directly to California while Lt. Col. Philip St. George Cooke would build a road to California with the Mormon Battalion.  Kearny had hardly begun when he met Kit Carson, who was returning from California.  The state was already conquered!

Kit Carson had set out for California in 1845 with John C. Fremont the Pathfinder.  Fremont had a force of 60 heavily armed men who had been traipsing through California.  Even though he could not have known the war had begun, he aided local American settlers in the Bear Flag Revolt.  With the help of the US Navy, the state was captured in short order.  Fremont had enlisted the California Brigade of 300 men and worked hand in glove with Commodore Stockton.  Fremont had sent Kit Carson with the news.  When Kearny arrived, Fremont - who was part of the army - chose to follow Stockton's orders rather than those of an army general.  This did not end well for him and led to his court martial.

Meanwhile, Doniphan and his Missourians headed down the Rio Grande and, north of El Paso, had a battle with a Mexican Army.  Despite their unkempt appearance and lax discipline, they soundly trounced their opponents.  Doniphan waited in El Paso for news from General Wool, eventually learning that he had been redirected to Saltillo to fortify General Taylor's position.  Though it was never intended that the volunteer regiment would act alone against Chihuahua, Doniphan boldly struck into the desert to capture the city.  At the end of February 1847, Doniphan attacked a much larger Mexican Army, where his ragamuffin army once again trounced the Mexicans.

The Mormons had had a difficult time in the American Midwest.  Bounced from state to state on account of growing discrimination, the Mormons finally fled west with plans of leaving the United States altogether.  They were camped on the banks of the Missouri River.  As chance would have it, President Polk requested that the Mormons raise a battalion from their ranks and join the war.  Brigham Young saw this as an income stream and a way to get many of the Saints beyond the intolerance of the Midwest.  Soon, 500 Mormons were enlisted at Fort Levenworth and marched to New Mexico.  Too slow to keep pace with Kearny, they also had to take an alternative route to accommodate their wagons.  On the way, the Mormon Battalion fought wild bulls and captured Tucson.

Leaving from Independence, MO, the Donner-Reed Party joined a large wagon train on the Oregon Trail.  However, they had California in mind and left the larger train to take the untried Hastings Cutoff which was said to save 300 miles.  Of course, the route was impractical for wagons.  They tried to race through the pass before the snows arrived but instead got trapped when snows arrived before they were through.  With nowhere near enough food to survive winter in the mountains, starvation and cannibalism followed.  In the spring, after the survivors were rescued, General Kearny went through the pass and saw the carnage.

Where most of the books that cover the Mexican-American War focus on the campaigns of Taylor and Scott, this one is almost exclusively concerned with the western theater of the war, though there is a chapter detailing the Battle of Monterrey, which was part of Taylor's Campaign in Northern Mexico.  Here is an outstanding account of the various westward movements that took place in 1846 and 1847, opening the American West to a flood of immigrants.

Highly recommended.

Bad Times at the El Royale (2018)

It is 1959.  A man checks into a motel and commences to rearrange the furniture, pull up the carpet, remove the floorboards, and drop a bag into the resulting hole.  He then neatly replaces the boards, reinstalls the carpet, and puts the furniture back in place.  Then there is a knock on the door.  He opens the door and let's the other man in.  The man shoots him and searches the room but fails to find the bag.

Ten years later, several people arrive at the El Royale, a motel near Lake Tahoe that happens to be right on the state line.  Half the rooms are in California, and half are in Nevada.  Father Daniel Flynn (Jeff Bridges) appears to be absent-minded but is quite friendly.  Laramie Sullivan (Jon Hamm), a vacuum salesman, has stayed at the motel before and offers some background while they wait for the mysteriously absent motel staff.  Darlene Sweet (Cynthia Erivo), a singer, clearly wants to have no interaction with the others.  Lastly, a woman with attitude (Dakota Johnson) arrives and refuses to give her name.  Miles Miller (Lewis Pullman), the motel's only employee, finally appears in a disheveled state.  He offers a description of El Royale that is mostly a repeat of what Laramie offered.  After that, each person is given a key to various rooms.

When the action kicks off, the story is told from the point of view of each character, often referred to by their room number.  This always involves overlapping, so that the same event might be viewed several times from different points of view.  Also, the switch from character to character often begins with a flashback that explains what happened prior to arriving at the El Royale.  Though there was trouble enough with those already at the hotel, Billy Lee (Chris Hemsworth) and his band of goons arrive.  One of the people at the motel crossed him and he has arrived to settle that account.

Of course, the coincidence that all of these people should arrive at this motel on the same day is ludicrous.  Also, based on what we learn when Miles' backstory is revealed, earlier events don't make sense.  Likewise, the actions of some characters are obviously stupid as that is what the plot requires: I'm looking at you, Jon Hamm.  I guess that goes for Jeff Bridges too; you couldn't wait until tomorrow to just rent the other room yourself?  What's the hurry?  The point of view filming allows characters to misinterpret events and take detrimental action, thus triggering bad times.

Overall, an entertaining movie.  Good popcorn fun.

Death Valley Days: The Bear Flag

The story opens in Sonoma, California, in 1846.  Mariano Vallejo discusses with Don Miguel Ruiz the troubles being wrought by American immigrants.  Ruiz fears that they will attempt to annex California to America, like has happened in Texas.  To Ruiz's surprise, Vallejo hopes for just such an outcome.  Soon after, a band of Americans steal horses that were set aside for General Castro.  In Sonoma, there is concern that this will soon get out of hand and plans are made to send the ladyfolk to Monterey.  They are too late.  The Americans arrive in Sonoma and take Vallejo prisoner.  To the Americans' surprise, Vallejo invites them into his office and offers them drinks.  He gladly signs a letter of capitulation.  Now in control of part of California, they have the dilemma of what flag to fly.  As they are not sanction by the United States, they don't see it as appropriate to fly the stars and stripes.  Thus, they set to designing a new flag.

"Let's have a lone star on it!" one suggests.  That idea receives mixed reactions, mostly dissent as copying Texas.

"California Republic," one declares to universal approval.

"Let's have a bear!" another suggests.  Though his idea is initially opposed, he sells the idea and it is soon adopted.

The men search for materials and soon stitch together a flag.  William Todd, a cousin of Mary Todd Lincoln, paints the flag.  Shortly, he has painted a lone star in the corner, a grizzly bear, and 'California Republic' on the flag.  They pull down the Mexican flag and hoist the bear flag.  So begins the Bear Flag Republic!

Less than a month later, Vallejo receives word that the US and Mexico are at war; Commodore Sloat of the US Navy has raised the US flag at Monterey and claimed California for the United States.  And thus ended the Bear Flag Republic.

Though generally accurate in the portrayal of the events, this is a kinder & friendlier account.  The American immigrants had been encouraged by Capt. John C. Fremont to both take the horses and revolt.  The treatment of Vallejo, who was clearly eager to join the United States, was not quite as kind as shown.  Rather than being granted parole, he was removed to Sutter's Fort as a prisoner.

Interesting and informative, but poorly scripted.  There are too many characters.  This should have focused on one or two participants.  However, it is clear that the idea was to present the many viewpoints of the era, from Californios who were against, those who were ambivalent, and those who were in favor.  There is a similar diversity of opinions among the immigrants.

Just okay.

The Journal of Lt. John McHenry Hollingsworth

John McHenry Hollingsworth joined the First New York Volunteers in August of 1846 in response to the call for troops in the Mexican War.  The New York Volunteers were dispatched to California, by sea!  Setting sail in September, the regiment did not arrive in San Francisco until April of 1847.  By then, all the fighting in California was done.  So it was that Hollingsworth found himself in garrison duty in Los Angeles until he was mustered out of the service in September 1848.  Before setting sail, every man knew it was a one-way trip; return expenses would be on them.  As such, the near penniless Hollingsworth and many of his fellows set out for the Gold Rush!  Sadly, a year of effort gained him nothing and he returned to the east coast.

The first half of the journal concerns his time aboard the Susan Drew.  Hollingsworth did not like sailing and found the voyage dreary; he was prone to sea sickness.  He offered considerable details to the stops in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and also Valparaiso, Chile.  During the trip, he had the opportunity to taste porpoise and shark, neither of which he liked.  Also of note, the troops spent much of the voyage in some state of mutiny.  He doesn't go into much detail other than to describe it as mutiny.  During the rare stop at port, the men were soon drunk.

The next quarter of the journal details Hollingsworth's time as a soldier in California.  Surprisingly, many of his entries concern fandangos, parties, and balls.  He details several women he courted or met, showing considerable interest in a couple.  His military service was uneventful, a mix of paperwork, guard duty, service on courts martial, and surveys of the surroundings.  Though some rumors of a Mexican Army or a California uprising reach him, nothing comes of them.

The final quarter covers his traveling to the Gold Rush with his comrades.  This is mostly a series of misfortunes that left him no richer than when he started.  After a year of seeking his fortune, he opted to return home.  Of course, his closing thoughts are that he had partaken in a great achievement, having been in California as it dramatically transformed from a sleepy Mexican province to a vibrant American territory.  Despite his failure to enrich himself, he did win the admiration of those around him.  He was elected to transport the new California constitution to Washington DC.

I was drawn to the journal as it concerned a volunteer during the Mexican-American War, but Hollingsworth missed the war.  The war in California was over when he arrived.  His efforts at courting the ladies of California never resulted in a wife, so he missed there too.  Lastly, despite heading to the gold fields in 1848 and beating the Gold Rush of 1849, he missed out here too.  The most interesting bits of his adventure were when he spent time with Kit Carson and chatted with General Kearny, two men who were participants rather than observers.

Just okay.

The Sisters Brothers (2018)

It is Oregon in 1851.  Eli (John C Reilly) and Charlie Sisters (Joaquin Phoenix) are hired guns.  Having just returned to Oregon City after a job, their employer sends them on a new mission: track down Hermann Warm (Riz Ahmed), extract information from him, then kill him.  To help in this task, John Morris (Jake Gyllenhaal) had already been dispatched to trail Warm.  Morris is only a scout, not a gunman.  The brothers find themselves traveling into California and the Gold Rush.  Warm is a chemist who has a particular formula for extracting gold.

The movie is mostly concerned with the relationships of Eli and Charlie and, to a lesser extent, Morris and Warm.  Charlie, though younger, is the driving force of the brothers.  Where Eli is ready to try something different, Charlie is ambitious to replace their employer.  Where Eli would walk away, Charlie is eager for a fight.  By contrast, Morris and Warm talk about building an ideal society that would purge violence.

Where most Westerns would just have everyone with bandoliers of bullets and random revolvers, this production was true to the period and armed them with cap and ball revolvers.  Reloading is shown repeatedly as the brothers disassemble their guns to slide a fresh cylinder into place.

It feels longer than its 2-hour runtime.  At times, the filmmakers add scenes that further detail the time and place, but don't advance the story.  What is the point of staying at the fine hotel and seeing a flush toilet.  That's probably a bit early for a flush toilet.  Then there were all the discarded items on the beach.  In fact, during the Gold Rush, lots of items were abandoned on the trail.  However, this is not explained and one might think this was just evidence of a shipwreck.  It was also surprising to see Rutger Hauer appear in a non-speaking role.

With such a ludicrous title, I had expected some humor.  Nope.  Very few laughs to be found here.  Just okay.

Death Valley Days: The Firebrand

It is 1846 in Los Angeles and Captain Gillespie of the US Marines has declared martial law.  The city had surrendered without a fight in August and Gillespie was left as military commander.  Former Governor Pio Pico and his brother Andres Pico meet with Gillespie to protest his measures.  However, Gillespie promises to intensify them.  When Gillespie later arrives at a local saloon to arrest a blustering drunkard, Andres has had too much.  He incites the populace to rise up against the Americans.  Despite warnings from his elder brother, Andres sets out with a force of 80 men to confront the army of General Stephen Watts Kearny.  Though he beats them, he sees the wisdom of his brother's counsel and proposes surrender.  However, when told he would be treated as an outlaw and sent to prison for his attack on the American army, he threatens to fight on.  Meanwhile in San Diego, General Kearny meets with Commodore Stockton, declaring his desire for vengeance and exaggerating the force that defeated him at San Pasqual.  Will Andres and Kearny fight again for a final bloody massacre?

Andres Pico is the titular Firebrand, a man eager to fight an unwinnable war.  The episode leaves out much of the history but gets the gist correct.  Lt. Archibald Gillespie had been left in charge of Los Angeles by John C. Fremont and then promptly triggered a revolt.  The ride of Juan Flacco detailed part of this story.  Andres and his band of Californio Lancers trounced two companies of US Dragoons at San Pasqual in early December 1846 (this battle happens entirely off screen, missing a great chance for some action in this snoozefest of an episode).  Of note, Gillespie had joined Kearny by this time and was present at the battle.  Kit Carson managed to reach San Diego and summon reinforcements from Commodore Stockton to assist/rescue the threatened dragoon column.  Though the show implies this was the only battle, Kearny did get his opportunity to fight.  The battles of Rio San Gabriel (Jan 8, 1847) and La Mesa (Jan 9, 1847) preceded the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga (Jan 13, 1847). 

The casting is uninspired.  These actors are playing random roles with little regard to the real people.  The Pico brothers come off best, which is appropriate as this is their story.  The uniforms aren't correct.  The actor playing Fighting Bob Stockton is bald, the one playing General Kearny has a mustache, and a random Mexican drunkard has a revolver (uncommon in the era).  Overall, I was embarrassed for Ronald Reagan that he did the intro and outro for this turkey.

Skip.

Kit Carson (1940)

Kit Carson (Jon Hull) and his band of trappers are coming down from the mountains to return to civilization and sell their furs when they are set upon by a band of Shoshone.  Worse still, these Shoshone are armed with rifles!  Most of Kit's party was killed but he and two others escaped.  Arriving at Fort Bridger, they are offered a job by Capt. John Fremont (Dana Andrews), who is seeking a trail to California.  Moreover, Fremont is escorting a wagon train funded by Dolores Murphy (Lynn Bari), who hails from Monterey, California.  Though Carson refuses Fremont's job offer, he reluctantly accepts Murphy's, mostly because he expects she will get scalped if he doesn't.

In California, General Castro has been arming the Shoshone with specific purpose of killing migrants.  He sends one of his underlings to make sure that Fremont and the wagon train are wiped out before crossing the Sierra Nevada mountains.

Back in the wagon train, John is fallen in love with Dolores but Dolores has fallen in love with Kit.  The love triangle must be put on hold in order for Kit to save everyone from a concerted assault by rifle-armed Shoshone.  When the party arrives safely at the Murphy Hacienda, Kit decides it is time to leave.  Such plans are ruined when he comes upon a Mexican wagon train of weapons and gunpowder.  It turns out that Castro is going to wipe out all the American settlers.  Kit warns the American settlers and they reply by establishing the California Republic and raising the Bear Flag.  Carson and Fremont arrange for a battle with General Castro.  Of course, they defeat him.  Kit kisses Dolores and heads south with Fremont toward Los Angeles to join US forces there in the Mexican American War.

Of note, Ward Bond - a character actor who was ubiquitous in the 40s and 50s - played an Australian with an American accent but he did have a boomerang.  Clayton Moore, who would go on to play the Lone Ranger in the long running TV series, appears as the leader of the wagon train.

Though a fun film, it is wildly inaccurate.  Jim Bridger was only 5 years older than Carson but he is played by 53 year-old Raymond Hatton to the 25 year-old Jon Hall.  Huh.  Carson was only 5'6" but is portrayed by 6'1" Hall.  Huh.  Carson and Fremont's first expedition in 1842 never went to California.  Their second one, in 1843, did.  It was their third expedition in 1845 that coincided with the Mexican-American War and the Bear Flag Revolt.  Jose Castro was the commanding general of Alta California during the war but never engaged in a battle.  In 1840, Fremont married Jessie Benton, daughter of the powerful Senator Thomas Hart Benton, and was therefore unlikely to propose marriage to a woman on her way to California.  Likewise, Carson had married Josefa Jaramillo in 1843, with whom he had 8 children.  The romance angle of the movie is out of place.

Popcorn fun but terrible history.

More Infected than We Thought?

In California, there has been testing for Covid-19 antibodies.  Officially, California has 27,689 infections as of April 16.  That represents 0.07% of the state's population.  However, antibodies have been found in 2.5 to 4.2% of those tested.  This could indicate that the infection has been far more widespread and the lethality is much, much lower.  Suppose that 2.5% of Californians contracted Covid-19; That would be 988,000 people.  Of that group, only 27,700 felt sick enough to get tested and show positive; that's around 3%, much lower than the proposed 20% that were going to end up in the hospital.  Lower even than the 5% that would be on ventilators.   952 people have died so far in California, which is a 0.1% fatality rate, about as lethal as the flu.

Clearly, the death tolls show this is not just a bad flu season.  Maybe this is more contagious than thought.  It may be just as deadly as the flu but twice as many people get it.  As in my last post, we need to discover the denominator of this disease.  We need to find out who has antibodies and set them free.

Never Gonna Let You Go

Calexit is again in the news as signatures are gathered.  The politics of Trump aside, California has an excellent case - purely on size - for becoming an independent country.   In 1870, the United States had a population of 38.8 million people who were represented in Congress by 241 Representatives and 72 Senators.  Today, California has a population of 39.3 million who are represented in Congress by 53 Representatives and 2 Senators.  The federal aristocracy put a cap on the number of people who could be in the ruling class and this gets worse every year.  A mere 535 people in Washington cannot possible represent the disparate interests of 320,000,000 citizens.  If the central government kept to its Constitutional role, perhaps it could but it has breached those bounds.  One cannot reconcile the sharply contrasting views of New York and Texas or California and Oklahoma.  Federalism or secession.

 

Though the state is dominated by Democrats, the Democratic Party cannot allow California to secede.  20% of all the Democratic Congressmen are from California.  Right now, the Republicans hold the House by a 240 to 194 margin.  Take out California and that becomes 226 to 155.  Without California, Trump won the popular vote by 1.4 million rather than losing it by 2.9 million.  The Democrats cannot afford to lose the state and will necessarily take action to prevent Calexit.  As such, the Republicans should grease the skids for Calexit and enjoy the ensuing civil war between California Secessionist Democrats vs. National Unionist Democrats.

Elon Musk's Boring Company

Annoyed by Los Angeles traffic, Elon Musk is proposing to dig a tunnel under the city so he can bypass the highway gridlock.  Much like the HyperLoop, I don't think seismically active California is the best place to build.  Though I am sure an underground tunnel can be engineered to withstand a serious earthquake, it is going to be much more expensive than a tunnel that traversed the same distance in a seismically inactive area.

 

I find I have more and more admiration for Elon Musk because he tries lots of things.  He's not listening to naysayers like me and that is why he has a rocket company and an electric car company and the forthcoming boring company.  Even if half of his ideas fall flat, he will still have an impressive list of accomplishments with the remaining half.  Can hardly wait for his Iron-Man armor.